Disclosed is a wavefront correction system based on a Runge-Kutta (RUN) optimization algorithm. The system includes a wavefront corrector, an image sensor, a lens, a computer control module, an image collection card, a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter, and a high-voltage amplifier. A performance index function representing a wavefront distortion correction degree is used as an optimization algorithm objective function, a RUN algorithm is used as a closed-loop correction system control algorithm, and the wavefront corrector is used as a wavefront distortion correction system device. The RUN algorithm controls the wavefront corrector to correct a wavefront aberration. During each iteration, a voltage control signal obtained through the algorithm is amplified and applied to the wavefront corrector, such that a mirror shape of the wavefront corrector is changed, and a corresponding corrected wavefront is generated.