An apparatus includes at least one processing device configured to identify a logical storage volume stored across multiple storage nodes of a distributed storage system, to obtain address range distribution information for the logical storage volume from at least a subset of the storage nodes, the address range distribution information indicating, for each of a plurality of distinct address ranges of the logical storage volume, which of the storage nodes locally stores data for that address range, and to generate, from the obtained address range distribution information, a mapping of the distinct address ranges to particular ones of the storage nodes, wherein the mapping is utilized to select paths for delivery of input-output operations to the storage nodes. Obtaining address range distribution information for the logical storage volume may comprise, for example, sending log page commands to each of the storage nodes to obtain asymmetric range access and/or template information.