A filter includes a first filter component coupled to a second filter component. The first filter component is configured to receive an optical signal, and filter the optical signal based on a first power difference of signals transmitted on a plurality of frequency bands in the optical signal, where the first power difference includes a difference caused by a first doped optical fiber. The second filter component is loaded with a first driving electrical signal used to control a frequency response of the second filter component. The second filter component is configured to filter, using the frequency response based on a second power difference of the signals transmitted on the plurality of frequency bands, an optical signal obtained after the filtering by the first filter component.