Conductive member, charging device, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus having surface layer with sea/island structure
Abstract:
A conductive member includes: a substrate; an elastic layer provided on the substrate; and a surface layer provided on the elastic layer, in which the surface layer contains a conductive agent and has a sea/island structure that consists of a sea portion containing a first resin and an island portion containing a second resin, and a distance R between the island portions and a radius r of the island portion in a cross-section of the surface layer satisfy the following Expression (1-1),

−0.20≤R−2r≤0.40  Expression (1-1).
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