A dilated convolution acceleration calculation method and apparatus. The method comprises: decomposing a dilated convolution computation of R×S into S sub-dilated convolution computations of R×1 (301); for each sub-dilated convolution computation, caching a plurality of weight values in parallel to a plurality of calculation units in a calculation unit array (302); determining, from input image data, a plurality of input data streams respectively corresponding to the plurality of weight values, and inputting the plurality of input data streams in parallel into the plurality of calculation units (303); within the plurality of calculation units, executing a sliding window operation and a multiplication operation on the basis of the cached weight values and the input data streams, and executing an accumulation operation between the plurality of calculation units, so as to output an intermediate result of the sub-dilated convolution computation (304); and superimposing intermediate results of the S sub-dilated convolution computations of R×1, so as to obtain a convolution result of the dilated convolution computation (305). By using the method, a dilated convolution operation is accelerated with a relatively low complexity, and the function of Im2col does not need to be separately realized, thereby reducing the complexity.