A blockchain-based data storage method, comprising: a target node acquires the serial number of a newly generated first block broadcasted in a blockchain system, the target node is any one of a plurality of nodes, the first block comprises block data and a block head, and the block head comprises the serial number of the first block; the target node obtains a first token seed, the first token seed is generated according to the number of nodes of the blockchain system; the target node determines a first serial number range where the first block is located on the basis of the first token seed and the serial number of the first block; and the target node determines to store the first block or store the block head of the first block on the basis of the first serial number range and a first token value of the target node.