A thermal insulation backpack comprises a main body and an adapter assembly. The main body has a thermal insulation accommodation cavity and a connection hole in communication with the thermal insulation accommodation cavity. The adapter assembly comprises a fixing frame, a sealing screen, and a reset assembly. An outer periphery of the sealing screen has a sealing strip protruding outward. The fixing frame includes a connection recess and a first through slot. The first through slot is connected to the thermal insulation accommodation. The sealing screen is connected to the reset assembly. When the adapter assembly is not connected to an external cooling apparatus, the sealing strip presses against a lower end of the connection recess and when connected to an external cooling apparatus, the sealing screen moves toward the interior of the thermal insulation accommodation cavity and the connection recess is communicated with the first through slot.