A display substrate, a display panel, and a display device are provided. The display substrate includes: a base substrate; and a first transistor on the base substrate. The first transistor includes a first active layer, a first bottom gate electrode between the base substrate and the first active layer, and a first top gate electrode on a side of the first active layer away from the base substrate. A third gate insulating layer is provided between the first bottom gate electrode and the first active layer. The first active layer contains an oxide semiconductor material, and the third gate insulating layer contains a silicon oxide material. A surface of the first bottom gate electrode away from the base substrate is in direct contact with the silicon oxide material, and a surface of the first active layer close to the base substrate is in direct contact with the silicon oxide material.