According to various embodiments, an electronic device may include at least one temperature sensor, a memory, and at least one processor operatively coupled to the at least one temperature sensor and the memory to identify the electronic device is in a first overheat state based on a heat temperature of the electronic device, perform data processing in a first data processing speed range in the first overheat state, to identify a first time period and a first data processing speed corresponding to a first specified event, upon occurrence of the first specified event during the data processing corresponding to the first specified event in the first data processing speed range, perform data processing based on the first time period and the first data processing speed, and to perform data processing in the first data processing speed range based on expiration of the first time period or completion of data processing corresponding to the first specified event.