A fingerprint-on-display collection method and an electronic device are provided. In the method, a first interface and a screen brightness related parameter are obtained, where the screen brightness related parameter is a parameter that affects screen brightness in the electronic device, and the first interface is an interface displayed on a screen when fingerprint collection is performed; first exposure time is calculated based on the first interface and the screen brightness related parameter; and fingerprint collection is performed based on the first exposure time to obtain a first fingerprint image. This application can improve an adjustment speed of exposure time, thereby improving a speed at which the electronic device collects a correctly exposed fingerprint image, and improving user experience.