A method of determining a clinical value for an individual based on a tumor in an image by an apparatus including processing circuitry may include executing, by the processing circuitry, instructions that cause the apparatus to determine a lymphocyte distribution of lymphocytes in the tumor based on the image; apply a classifier to the lymphocyte distribution to classify the tumor, the classifier having been trained to classify tumors into a class selected from at least two classes respectively associated with lymphocyte distributions; and determine the clinical value for the individual based on prognoses of individuals with tumors in the class into which the classifier classified the tumor.