The present disclosure provides a superconducting power generation device and a power generation method. The power generation device includes a superconductor, a conductive coil, a permanent magnet and a cooling medium. The superconductor is made of a second-type superconducting material, and when an ambient temperature is lower than a superconducting critical temperature of the second-type superconducting material, the second-type superconducting material is capable of generating a magnetic levitation force for an outer magnet so as to levitate the permanent magnet. After an acting force is applied to the permanent magnet, the position of the permanent magnet is changed relative to that of the conductive coil, and then, magnetic field distribution around the conductive coil is changed, so that the magnetic flux passing through the coil is changed, an induced electromotive force is generated in the coil, and then, conversion from mechanical energy to electric energy is achieved. By using the device provided by the present disclosure, the conversion from the mechanical energy to the electric energy in an ultra-low temperature environment can be achieved, and thus, problems about energy sources on low-temperature celestial bodies in extrasolar systems are solved.