A system including one or more processors and one or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing computing instructions that, when run on the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform functions including: reconfiguring a webpage as an undirected graph; identifying a cyclic dependency in the undirected graph; iterating processing one or more inferences over the cyclic dependency for each pair of the nodes of the set of the nodes; breaking one or more of edges of the undirected graph; determining, based at least in part on compatibility functions of the one or more edges remaining after breaking the one or more of the edges, a probability of the webpage having exceeded a predetermined threshold to cause a user to take an action; and sending instructions to display the webpage. Other embodiments are described.