Passive memory devices comprising a support having at least one conductive surface or surface layer and having on at least one side of the support a passive memory element, the passive memory element comprising a first electrode system, an insulating system and a second electrode system, wherein the first electrode system is insulated from the second electrode system, wherein the first electrode system is a conductive surface, or a conductive layer of a support, the second electrode system is a plurality of isolated conductive areas and/or a plurality of conducting pins isolated from one another; and conductive bridges are present between at least one of the isolated conductive area, or at least one of the conducting pins, and the first electrode system; wherein with the exception of the first electrode system being a conductive surface of a support, the systems and the conductive bridges are printable using conventional printing processes.