An aqueous polyurethane resin composition obtained by: obtaining a neutralized prepolymer having a terminal isocyanate group by reacting a polyisocyanate (A) and a polyfunctional compound (B) containing a polyester polyol (B1) having an acidic group and at least one member selected from the group consisting of other polyols (B2) and chain extenders (B3) so as to satisfy a condition expressed by the following mathematical formula (1); and subjecting the neutralized prepolymer having a terminal isocyanate group to a chain elongation reaction with the use of a polyamine (C) containing at least two groups selected from the group consisting of an amino group and an imino group and water (D) so as to satisfy conditions expressed by the following mathematical formulas (2) and (3) to obtain a elongated product, and then dispersing the elongated product into water: 100/80≦a/b≦100/40   (1) 100/98≦a/(b+c)≦100/80   (2) 100/105≦a/(b+c+2d)≦100/95   (3) (in formulas (1) to (3), a represents the number of isocyanate groups (NCO) contained in the polyisocyanate (A), b represents the number of hydroxyl groups (OH) contained in the polyfunctional compound (B), c represents the number of the groups selected from the group consisting of an amino group (NH2) and an imino group (NH) contained in the polyamine (C), and d represents the number of moles of the water (D)).