Methods, systems, and apparatus, including medium-encoded computer program products, for protecting a document with multiple digital rights management systems are presented. One or more aspects of the subject matter described in this specification can be embodied in one or more methods of protecting a document with multiple digital rights management systems, the one or more methods including: obtaining a document, wherein the document includes encrypted content and a first header, wherein the encrypted content has been encrypted in accordance with a first digital rights management scheme using a key and an encryption scheme, wherein the first header was generated in accordance with the first digital rights management scheme in association with the encrypted content; producing a second header associated with the encrypted content in accordance with a second digital rights management scheme; and creating a protected document including the first header, the second header, and the encrypted content.