A CMP pad conditioner is provided that includes a substrate having a surface and three dimensional structures protruding relative to the surface of the substrate. The three dimensional structures include CVD carbon-containing material selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes and diamond, and may be arranged in a ordered array or desired pattern. The CMP pad conditioner also includes a bonding layer overlying the three dimensional structures and the surface of the substrate. The condition may include a reinforcing layer disposed within gaps between the three dimensional structures. Techniques for manufacture and use are also disclosed.