A light-emitting device, including a substrate; a LED element formed over the substrate including a transparent or semi-transparent electrode, a reflective electrode, and one or more layers, at least one of which is light-emitting, formed between the transparent or semi-transparent electrode and reflective electrode, the transparent or semi-transparent electrode and reflective electrode defining a single, controllable light-emitting area, wherein the LED element emits light into a waveguide defined by the transparent or semi-transparent electrode, reflective electrode, and the one or more layers; and one or more first topographical features and one or more second topographical features different from the first topographical features formed over the substrate within the single, controllable light-emitting area, wherein the first and second topographical features disrupt the waveguiding of light within the single, controllable light-emitting area to increase the emission of light in at least one direction.