Systems, methods, and/or techniques (“tools”) for binding content licenses to portable storage devices are described. In connection with binding the content licenses to the portable storage devices (“stores”), a host may perform authentication protocols that include generating a nonce, sending the nonce to a store, and receiving a session key from the store, with the session key being generated using the nonce. The store may perform authentication protocols that include receiving the nonce from the host, generating a random session key based on the nonce, and sending the session key to the host.