An X-ray detection system has an electron beam irradiation portion, a diffraction grating, a splitter for distributing the direction of propagation of the diffracted X-rays such that an imaging plane for the diffracted X-rays is assigned to plural positions spaced apart in a direction perpendicular to the direction of energy dispersion of the diffracted X-rays, and image sensors different in energy sensitivity disposed respectively at the positions to which the imaging plane is assigned.