A manual robotic tool changer provides a compact, lightweight means to manually selectively couple a robotic tool, such as a surgical tool, to a robot arm. The tool changer includes numerous safety features to prevent inadvertent decoupling of the robotic tool. These include a dual-button handle locking mechanism operative to lock the tool changer closed in the fully coupled position, and requiring simultaneous actuation of both of two latch buttons to unlock; a one-way clutch mechanism that prevents rotation of the coupling mechanism towards the decoupled position, unless the handle is actuated to unlock the tool changer; and a spring biasing the tool changer to an at least partially coupled state when no force is applied to the handle, thus requiring a positive force against the spring, moving the handle to a fully open position, to insert or remove a robotic tool.