A solar cell includes a base layer; an emitter layer disposed on one side of the base layer; a first electrode in electrical communication with the base layer; and a second electrode in electrical communication with the emitter layer, wherein the base layer has a higher doping concentration with increasing distance from the interface between the base layer and the emitter layer, and the base layer has a doping concentration change slope that is further decreased with increasing distance from the interface between the base layer and the emitter layer.