A substrate for a lighting apparatus includes one or more light-emitting elements mounted thereon. The substrate includes a surface on which the plurality of light-emitting elements are mounted. Additionally, the substrate includes heat conductive elements for conducting heat from the one or more light-emitting elements, the heat conductive elements including heat conductive holes extending through a non-electrically conducting layer formed on a first surface of the substrate and an entirety of the substrate and a heat conductive layer formed on a surface of the substrate opposite the first surface.