A 3D reconstruction technique using integral imaging, which does not require computing point correspondences. The technique has been demonstrated that it can effectively estimate the surface of an object, and reconstruct the surfaces of partially occluded objects. Reconstruction can be performed from either an array of imaging sensors, or a single moving imaging sensor with known positions. The technique relies on the concept that each view is allowed to vote on the contents of the scene via ray tracing. Various sharpness metrics are utilized for estimating the locations of visible surfaces in the views, and reconstruction is posed as an optimization problem.