A plurality of actual outcome data points, including actual outcomes for a plurality of episodes of a process, are obtained for the process. A practitioner-independent baseline outcome is also obtained for the process. For each given one of the actual outcome data points, the given one of the actual outcome data points is equated to the practitioner entity-independent baseline outcome multiplied by a plurality of unknown participating practitioner entity outcome indices for each of a plurality of participating practitioner entities. Each of the participating practitioner entity outcome indices is raised to an exponent including a corresponding one of a plurality of unknown participating practitioner entity type indices, to obtain a plurality of equations. The plurality of equations are solved to obtain estimated values of the unknown participating practitioner entity outcome indices and estimated values of the unknown participating practitioner entity type indices.