A battery authentication system according to the present invention includes a battery and an electronic device. The battery includes a battery authentication portion that includes battery identification information and performs authentication between the battery and the electronic device. The electronic device includes: a power source that supplies electric power from the battery to respective portions in the electronic device; a storage portion that stores the battery identification information of usable batteries; a device authentication portion that performs authentication of the battery; and a control portion that compares the battery identification information of the battery with the battery identification information stored in the storage portion. The control portion compares the battery identification information of the battery authenticated successfully in the device authentication portion with the battery identification information stored in the storage portion, and controls the power source based on a result of the comparison. According to the battery authentication system of the present invention, it is possible to recognize whether a battery mounted is authenticated or not, and accordingly to determine whether the battery can be used or not. Therefore, it is possible to permit the use of a genuine battery and a non-genuine battery and to eliminate a counterfeit battery.