A method of calibrating a transport roller includes forming a reference image through nozzles arranged in an array having an array height, moving a substrate a distance along a substrate transport path by the transport roller having a radius and a circumference, and determining an offset value based on an actual distance of substrate advancement corresponding to the reference image and movement of the transport roller. The circumference of the transport roller is equal to or less than at least one of the array height of the nozzle array or an image height of the reference image.