A novel soybean variety, designated XBP31010 is provided. Also provided are the seeds of soybean variety XBP31010, cells from soybean variety XBP31010, plants of soybean XBP31010, and plant parts of soybean variety XBP31010. Methods provided include producing a soybean plant by crossing soybean variety XBP31010 with another soybean plant, methods for introgressing a transgenic trait, a mutant trait, and/or a native trait into soybean variety XBP31010, methods for producing other soybean varieties or plant parts derived from soybean variety XBP31010, and methods of characterizing soybean variety XBP31010. Soybean seed, cells, plants, germplasm, breeding lines, varieties, and plant parts produced by these methods and/or derived from soybean variety XBP31010 are further provided.