Nanostructures such as nanowires, nanosprings, nanorods, and nanoparticles, when maintained in contact with a source of bone cells, enhance the proliferation of the bone cells and integration bone into the nanostructures. The nanostructures may or may not be coated with a metal or metal oxide coating and preferably are textured. Such coated or non-coated nanostructures may be utilized on the surface of bone implants to enhance osseointegration of the implants.