A bioactive and osteoconductive bone cement is produced from polyacrylates or polymethylacrylates by addition of small amounts of polymerizable monomers containing anionic groups which cause the cement surface to mineralize after being incubated in simulated body fluid. The obtained mineralized layers contain calcium phosphate phases such that the formation of fibrous intermediate layers is prevented once the bone cement has been implanted in bones. Optionally, other additives, e.g. biocompatible calcium salts, biocompatible buffering substances, or x-ray contrast agents, antibiotics, antimicrobial agents, and/or anti-inflammatory agents can be added in order to improve the properties of the cement for individual purposes. The bone cement can be used for anchoring prosthesis components in the bone, stiffening bones, filling and reconstructing all types of bone defects, as dowels for bone screws, or as an implant material for anchoring screws and other implants used for osteosynthesis.