A binding belt-based rod member clamping device includes a binding belt having a toothed surface portion located on the upper wall thereof, a buckle affixed to a head end of the binding belt and defining an insertion hole for the insertion of a tail end of the binding belt and two series of sloping teeth respectively disposed at two opposite lateral sides of the insertion hole, and a locking lever having a teethed cam located at one end thereof and pivotally coupled to the buckle and turnable to engage the toothed surface portion of the binding belt after insertion of the tail end of the binding belt through the insertion hole and two pawls bilaterally disposed near a rear end thereof and adapted for engaging the two series of sloping teeth of the buckle to lock the tail end of the binding belt in the inserted position.