An image forming apparatus includes a rotating image carrier, a charging device, a latent image forming device, a developing device having a developer holder and developing a latent image as a visible image, a voltage application unit that generates a potential difference between the image carrier and the developer holder to form an electric field, by which toner is directed toward the latent image, in a developing region, and a transfer device that transfers the visible image of the image carrier to a medium, wherein the developer holder having a concavo-convex portion having a convex portion and a concave portion is provided in an outer surface thereof and formed such that the volume resistivity of a portion corresponding to the convex portion is set to be larger than the volume resistivity of a portion corresponding to the concave portion.