A wireless communication method and apparatus using adaptive transmission polarization control are provided. The wireless communication apparatus includes an orthogonal polarization antenna, a channel state estimator, and a transmission polarization state (TPS) selector. The orthogonal polarization antenna receives at least one reference signal. The channel state estimator estimates a wireless polarization channel on the basis of the reference signal. The TPS selector selects a TPS corresponding to the estimated wireless polarization channel from among a plurality of predefined TPSs, and feeds back the selected TPS information. Accordingly, the wireless communication apparatus feeds back information for polarization control using minimum uplink wireless resources, and maximizes a transmission capacity on the basis of the feedback information.