A microplasma source and a sterilization system including the same are disclosed. The microplasma source includes: a microplasma-generating unit including: a gas transmission chamber having a first inlet and a first outlet wherein the first inlet is used to import a first gas; a protection and heat dissipation chamber of which a side is connected to the inner wall of the first outlet; a dielectric inner tube having a second inlet and a second outlet and penetrating through the protection and heat dissipation chamber, wherein the second inlet is communicated to the gas transmission chamber; an electrode arranged outside at the second outlet and located in the protection and heat dissipation chamber; and a hollow metal tube disposed in the gas transmission chamber and the dielectric inner tube and having a third inlet and a third outlet, wherein the third inlet is used to import a second gas.