An encoder includes a scale, a detector array that includes a plurality of detectors, and a signal processor configured to process and convert into positional information, an output signal from the detector array. The signal processor includes a first phase acquirer, a second phase acquirer, and a positional information acquirer configured to acquire Sv as a position signal that represents a position of the scale. Sv satisfies Sv=A·Φ1−B·Φ2 where A and B are coefficients that satisfy A/B=n/m using integers m and n that satisfy |(m·P1−n·P2)|