In some embodiments, techniques for computer security comprise receiving request data, wherein the request data includes identity-related information relating to a provider of the request data and information relating to an input specification; requesting authentication from a second computing device via a network, wherein requesting the authentication includes transmitting the information related to the provider of the request data and the information relating to the input specification; and receiving authentication data from the second computing device, wherein the authentication data is associated with the input specification, wherein the authentication data is encrypted, and wherein a key used for the encryption is associated with the identity-related information.