A computer-implemented method for enforcing data loss prevention policies on mobile devices may include (1) identifying a mobile device that connected to a network and that may include sensitive data and that is in a predetermined state that is designated for transferring data for data loss prevention analysis, (2) requesting, from a data loss prevention policy database via the network, a data loss prevention policy category for the sensitive data based on an analysis the sensitive data, (3) receiving the data loss prevention policy category, tagging, based on the data loss prevention policy category, the sensitive data on the mobile device with a data loss prevention policy tag and (4) enforcing on the mobile device, based on the data loss prevention policy tag, a data loss prevention rule for the data loss prevention category of the sensitive data. Various other methods, systems, and computer-readable media are also disclosed.