A computer-implemented method for providing targeted data loss prevention on unmanaged computing devices may include (1) identifying a data loss prevention policy that defines permissible data handling within set bounds to prevent unauthorized data exfiltration from the set bounds, (2) identifying an application to install on at least one unmanaged endpoint device, where (i) the unmanaged endpoint device lacks a data loss prevention agent configured to apply the data loss prevention policy to the entire unmanaged endpoint device and (ii) the application is to be provided to the unmanaged endpoint device to operate on sensitive data from within the set bounds, and (3) wrapping the application in an application wrapper that intercepts system calls from the application and applies the data loss prevention policy to sensitive data implicated in the system calls. Various other methods, systems, and computer-readable media are also disclosed.