A resilient device authentication system comprising: one or more verification authorities (VAs) including a memory loaded with a complete verification set that includes hardware part-specific data, and configured to create a limited verification set (LVS) therefrom; one or more provisioning entities (PEs) each connectable to at least one of the VAs, including a memory loaded with a LVS, and configured to select a subset of data therefrom so as to create an application limited verification set (ALVS). Also disclosed is a device for use with an authentication system, comprising: a first hardware part and a second hardware part that are adapted to communicate with and perform authentication on each other; and/or a hardware part that contains two or more chips that are adapted to communicate with and perform authentication on each other.