The aircraft capable of takeoff/landing via the fuselage thereof and the takeoff/landing system of the aircraft according to the present invention are configured such that multiple takeoff/landing rollers are arranged in a sliding direction such that the aircraft fuselage having a landing surface formed at the bottom thereof can safely land and slide in a sliding direction, thus enabling the aircraft fuselage to contact a running surface and takeoff/land without separate landing gear. Thus, not only can the weight of the aircraft be reduced, but the fuel consumption of the aircraft can be reduced as well, the useful space in the aircraft can be broadened, the length of the runway can be shortened due to the frictional force generated by the takeoff/landing device, and the safety during the takeoff/landing of the aircraft can be improved.