The invention relates to a method for forming a deposit of a fragile material on a substrate (3) by spraying a powder (1) of said material, said method including the following steps: producing an aerosol containing said powder (1) in a so-called aerosol chamber (10); accelerating the aerosol through a nozzle (31) in a so-called deposition chamber (30) having a negative pressure relative to the aerosol chamber (10); and spraying the aerosol onto the substrate (3), wherein the grains constituting the powder (1) fragment and form said deposit upon impact with the substrate (3), said method being characterized in that the formation of the deposit is controlled on the basis of a three-dimensional digital model of said deposit. The invention also relates to a device for implementing said method.