Provided is an ultra-fine grained, high-strength, high-toughness carbon steel wire rod manufactured through control of a microstructure by process control without addition of relatively expensive alloying elements. More particularly, the material provided is an ultra-fine grained, high-strength, high-toughness carbon steel wire rod having a microstructure including a ferrite structure having an area fraction of 60% or more and a cementite structure as a remainder, wherein an average grain diameter of ferrite grains is 15 μm or less. Also provided is a method of manufacturing the wire rod.