A planetary rotary type rotation device comprises a stator, a rotor, and a center sun wheel drum (10). The stator includes a hollow cylinder block (1) having a cylinder. The rotor includes a main shaft (3), planetary piston wheel fixation flanges (9), and a planetary piston wheel (8). The two planetary piston wheel fixation flanges (9) are symmetrically fixed to the main shaft (3). The center sun wheel drum (10) is disposed between the two planetary piston wheel fixation flanges (9) and fitted over the main shaft (3). An annular piston space (19) is formed between an outer circular surface of the center sun wheel drum (10) and a cylinder wall of the cylinder of the cylinder block (1). The planetary piston wheel (8) is a cylindrical roller. The cylindrical roller is disposed in the annular piston space (19) in a rolling manner. Both ends of the cylindrical roller are fixed to the planetary piston wheel fixation flanges (9). A planetary rotary type fluid motor or engine, their operation method, and a planetary rotary type compressor or pump are disclosed. The planetary rotary type rotation device has a simple structure, a small volume, and a light weight.