Provided are a superconducting accelerometer, an acceleration measurement device, and an acceleration measurement method. The superconducting accelerometer includes a test mass including a rod-shaped body part, a disc-shaped coupling part connected to the body part, the test mass being made of a superconductor; a solenoid levitation coil disposed to surround a portion of the body part and adapted to magnetically levitate the test mass, the solenoid levitation coil being made of a superconductor; a measurement superconductor coil disposed at at least one side of an upper portion and a lower portion of the coupling part; and a SQUID sensor adapted to detect current depending on variation of a distance between the test mass and the measurement superconductor coil.