[Problem] To provide a file management system and file management method that are able to perform a backup process efficiently by means of a configuration that uses a virtual file system metadatabase from a backup process side also. [Solution] The file management system is provided with a virtual drive controller (110) that controls a virtual drive (5), a metadatabase (210) that contains information for associating a virtual file and a physical file that is saved in a storage device (6), a backup controller (120) that manages the backup process of a file, and a backup status management database (220) used in backup process management. The virtual drive controller (110) registers updated file information in the backup status management database (220). The backup controller (120) references the backup status management database (220) and the metadatabase (210), and backs up the file.