There are provide a pressure-resistant container which is less likely to be damaged due to stress concentration even in deep seas of 1000 m or deeper below sea level, and an exploration machine provided with the same. A pressure-resistant container includes a cylindrical first outer shell member; and substantially hemispherical second outer shell members which are respectively connected to both ends of the first outer shell member, and is constructed by selecting materials so that a Young's modulus E2 of a base material which constitutes the second outer shell members is smaller than a Young's modulus E1 of a base material which constitutes the first outer shell member.