The present invention relates to an encrypted image with a matryoshka structure and a mutual agreement authentication system and method using the same. The encrypted image with a matryoshka structure is used in authentication in an authentication system having a plurality of layers and comprises: a first encrypted image which can be opened by only a server of any one layer of the authentication system; and a second encrypted image which can be opened by only a server of another layer distinguished from the any one layer, wherein any one sealed encrypted image of the first and second encrypted images is embedded and sealed in the other encrypted image.