In a wheel position detection apparatus, a first controlling section of a transmitter repeatedly transmits a frame including specific identification information at a timing when an angle of the transmitter is at a predetermined angle. A second control unit of a receiver receives the frame transmitted from the transmitter, and identifies which of a plurality of wheels the transmitter that has transmitted the frame is attached to. The receiver changes an allowable range of variability in accordance with a road surface condition indicated by a degree of road surface roughness every time the frame is received, and sets the allowable range of variability wider for a road surface that is rough than for a road surface that is not rough.