A subject matter of the present invention is a composition for topical application comprising hydrophobic silica aerogel particles and at least one emulsifying silicone elastomer. Another subject matter of the invention is a method for the cosmetic treatment of keratinous substances which consists in applying, to the keratinous substances, a composition as defined above, and also the use of this composition in the cosmetic or dermatological field and in particular for caring for, protecting and/or making up the skin of the body or face or for caring for the hair. The composition of the invention makes it possible to improve the sensory properties of cosmetic compositions provided in the anhydrous or emulsified form by making possible more complete absorption, without a greasy or unpleasant residual film on the skin.