In exemplary implementations of this invention, a camera can capture multiple millions of frames per second, such that each frame is 2D image, rather than a streak. A light source in the camera emits ultrashort pulses of light to illuminate a scene. Scattered light from the scene returns to the camera. This incoming light strikes a photocathode, which emits electrons, which are detected by a set of phosphor blocks, which emit light, which is detected by a light sensor. Voltage is applied to plates to create an electric field that deflects the electrons. The voltage varies in a temporal “stepladder” pattern, deflecting the electrons by different amounts, such that the electrons hit different phosphor blocks at different times during the sequence. Each phosphor block (together with the light sensor) captures a separate frame in the sequence. A mask may be used to increase resolution.